INTRODUCTION:
Industrial activities and technological developments release heavy metals into the water bodies and pose threats to human health. Among all heavy metals, lead is considered as the most recycled non-ferrous metals with its production grown steadily in spite of its declining prices. Non awareness many people in our country have been made people to use contaminated drinking water from various sources[15]. Lead causes adverse effect on human beings as well as to the environment[6]. Lead is also contributed by electroplating, metallurgical, mining and other industries. The conventional removal of heavy metals from water like precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and co-precipitation has found limited applications because of their high capital and operational cost.[9]. Many new approaches involving the use of inexpensive and efficient alternatives in removing heavy metals from wastewater has been reported[2].
Some agricultural waste like sugar bagasse, Rice husk, Saw dust, Coconut husk, and Banana peels have been found to adsorb heavy metal ions such as lead from drinking water. An absorbent is considered as an inexpensive as it requires little processing, abundant in nature[7] Further Adsorption is the most powerful, efficient and cost effective technique for heavy metal removal from water. Many agricultural waste have been tried out as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from water proved to be cost effective. Lead pollution is mainly due to the discharge of effluents into water bodies by batteries, pigments, paints, cables, steel, and plastic industries.[10] Lead poisoning causes major damage to the nervous system, reproductive system, kidney and brain. The Lead toxicity also causes impair of blood synthesis, hypertension, severe stomach ache and even cause miscarriage in pregnant women. Lead exposure is categorized as a major risk factor for human beings as it affect the haemoglobin synthesis and porphyrin metabolism.[7]. The lead contaminated water causes various kidney and neurological problems, anaemia, brain hemorrhage and death.[8]. some papers report that cadmium along with lead also cause health issues.[1]
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Lead removal involves optimization of empirical, combinatorial and rational approaches that makes through continuous, multi speed process at each level based the experience gained at every level.[3] The adsorption technologies are used by all researchers in heavy metal removal from water along with activated carbon. But the methods remains as an expensive one. [4] Citrus limonium is also a proficient and cost-effective biosorbent.[18]
Jackfruit Peel Preparation:
Jackfruit peel has been collected and washed with fresh water and followed with distilled water. The surface impurities were removed in washing followed with cutting into small pieces. Then the pieces were dried in sun for seven days to remove moisture. Finally, the dried pieces are then washed with hot water for removing soluble matter. Then they are dried in oven at 105˚C for two days. The pieces were powdered and sieved through 2.2mm mesh. It was stored in desiccators and kept as stock as shown in Figure 1.
Figure.1 Jackfruit Peel and Powdered Jackfruit Peel
Lead water Samples:
The Lead solution was prepared from lead nitrate. For the preparation of solutions distilled water has been used for adsorption experiments. Stock solution of 1000mg/l has been prepared for as a source of lead metal.
Batch Mode Method:
The jackfruit peel powder of known weight was then mixed with 100 ml of the lead solutions to make varying concentration from 10 to 50 mg/l taken in conical flasks. The samples were filtered using filter paper and lead was accurately assessed using Atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. pH was adjusted slightly using 0.1 N Sodium Hydroxide solution and 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid respectively. Efficiency for removal was calculated using the following equation.
Efficiency Removal (%) 
x 100
Where:
Co -Concentration of Lead at initial in mg/l,
Ce - Concentration of Lead at equilibrium in mg/l,
V -Volume of Lead in litre
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The process of adsorption has been carried out by batch experiments by varying adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and time.[13]. The main parameters that influence metal sorption were investigated as follows: contact time, initial metal ion. In this experiment, 100 mg /l solution was prepared using clean 250 ml conical flask with 5.0 g jack fruit peel. It was then kept in orbital shaker at 250 rpm. A filter paper was used to filter the solution was then analyzed for pH, concentrations, contact time and adsorbent dose.
pH Variation:
pH effect was analyzed from 2-8 range. The metal adsorption level was found to increase as pH level increase. The adsorption of metals depends on the surface nature and solution. At lower pH concentration, hydrogen ions was found to compete with metals to create the site of exchange in the adsorbent material. The pH further influences the metal concentration in aqueous solution along with the surface properties of adsorbent[12]. The adsorption behavior of lead on the fruits peel was investigated with pH ranging from 2 to 7. The heavy metals are found high in acidic conditions. The amount of adsorption was found to be minimum at pH 5 but it increase as pH increases. The maximum adsorption was at pH 7 thus causing lead hydroxide precipitation. The results are discussed are in figure.2.
Figure.2 Variation of pH with removal Efficiency
Amount of Adsorbent Dosage Variation:
The effect of adsorbent dose has been studied with metal ion concentration at 15.39 mg/l with a contact time of 120 minutes. For carrying out the process, four batch experiments has been conducted with the adsorbent dose 5, 10, 15, 20g. The percent removal of lead also increased with increase in adsorbent dose. It was attaining a maximum of 80% at 20 g of the adsorbent. From the results, it is clearly seen that 20 g of the adsorbent was sufficient for the effective lead removal as in Table 1. A further increase in the quantity of adsorbent has no effect in the quantity of lead ions adsorbed. This was mainly due to greater availability of exchangeable sites at higher amount of the adsorbent dosage [11]
Table.1 Removal Efficiency By Varying Adsorbent Dosage
|
S. No |
Adsorbent Dosage (g) |
Removal Efficiency (%) |
|
1 |
5 |
71.92 |
|
2 |
10 |
74.26 |
|
3 |
15 |
76.41 |
|
4 |
20 |
79.66 |
The above are in same process of adsorption behavior of Chromium ions adsorbed on Odina Wodier bark carbon which depends on parameters such as adsorbent dose, initial Chromium concentration, pH, contact time and temperature.[16]
Contact Time Studies:
The amount of adsorbent was fixed at 5g for the test solution and the pH was adjusted at 6.5. Using these conditions, the effect of contact time in lead removal was studied. The percentage of removal was found to increase up to one hour. After the time period it started to decrease slowly up to one hour and twenty minutes. Therefore, one hour could be considered for whole batch experiments[7]. It also proves that the metal ions took more than one hour to bind the jackfruit peel. When the agitation time increases further, the percent removal also increased. In these studies, a 83 % removal was achieved at one hour. Further, on increasing the contact time, no significant changes were observed in the lead removal. The analytical results are shown in figure 3.
Figure.3 Effect of Contact Time at pH 6.5
Concentration of Lead ions:
For carrying out this experiments, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/l has been selected as the initial concentration. Fixing the amount of adsorbent as 5 g, the concentration of lead on the was tested. It was maximum for the lowest concentration of 25 mg/l as observed. As in figure 4, the percentage removal decreased with increase in the initial lead concentration. This was further proved that all the adsorbents have a limited number of active sites, that will saturate at some concentration as in figure 4.
Figure.4 Effect of Concentration of Pb ions
Lead concentration using Spectrophotometer.
The samples were measured for absorbance with Spectro photo meter at a wave length of 280 NM 1[19]. The results were presented in Tables 2 is showing good values indicating the lead adsorbed on the peel matrix. Slight increase in metal ions uptake were found to be observed in the base treated adsorbents.[5]
Table.2 Absorption Values of Samples
|
S. No |
ADSORBENT DOSAGE (g) |
ABSORBANCE |
|
1 |
5 |
23.0 |
|
2 |
10 |
9.6 |
|
3 |
15 |
21.6 |
|
4 |
20 |
18.2 |
|
5 |
40 |
0.201 |
|
6 |
60 |
0.197 |
|
7 |
80 |
0.188 |
EC using Conductivity Meter:
The samples were measured for Electrical conductivity using Conductivity meter .The results are presented in Table.3 showing good values indicating the lead adsorbed on the peel matrix. The experimental details are shown in figure 5.
Table 3 EC values of samples
|
S. No |
ADSORBENT DOSAGE (g) |
EC |
|
1 |
5 |
0.98 |
|
2 |
10 |
0.98 |
|
3 |
15 |
0.88 |
|
4 |
20 |
0.88 |
|
5 |
25 |
0.208 |
|
6 |
50 |
0.201 |
|
7 |
75 |
0.197 |
|
8 |
80 |
0.188 |
The experiments were ended with these parameters but some studies, the kinetics of adsorption has been analyzed with Pseudo second order reaction and equations of intra particle diffusion.[17]
Figure 5 Experimental Set up of the peal and Lead Solutions
CONCLUSION:
There were many adsorbents available like Ash bark of Terminalia arjuna for chromium ions adsorption from contaminated water. [14] But based on these findings, Jackfruit peel proved to be cheap and effective adsorbent for lead removal from water in dosage of 20 g (79.6%). The maximum adsorption of lead removal by using jackfruit peel has been observed at pH = 7, Contact time = One hour. Based on the results, the following conclusions were made.
1 Peels were an efficient biomaterial in removing of lead (79.6%) from water with an effective dose of 5 g of the adsorbent at a pH of 6.5.
2 The handling of the material is also easy and can be effectively used in other heavy metals removal
In this study the use of fruits peel were tested for removal of lead from water. The parameter like pH, contact time, initial lead concentration and adsorbent dose were effective on the lead adsorption efficiency. The adsorption mechanism has been based on ion exchange between divalent cation in solution. The study also showed that jack fruit has good potential as an adsorbent for the lead removal from water because of the negatively charged binding sites in the adsorbent .Further these adsorbents has medicinal character with good antibacterial activity. However the peel contributes its colour to the solution causing turbidity increase up to 50 NTU greater than discharge standards. This could be further removed by adsorption using Activated Carbon.
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Received on 04.03.2019 Modified on 20.04.2019
Accepted on 19.05.2019 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2019; 12(8):3693-3696.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00631.0